1. Encryption: Encrypting data both in transit and at rest to prevent unauthorized access. 2. Access Control: Implementing strong authentication mechanisms and role-based access control to ensure that only authorized personnel can access sensitive data. 3. Data Anonymization: Removing personally identifiable information from datasets to protect patient privacy, especially when sharing data for research purposes. 4. Regular Audits: Conducting regular security audits and vulnerability assessments to identify and mitigate potential risks. 5. Compliance: Adhering to relevant data protection regulations such as GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) and HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act).