1. Hardware Failures: Issues with microscopes, scanners, or storage devices can lead to the corruption of digital images and associated metadata. 2. Software Bugs: Errors in image processing and analysis software can result in the generation of incorrect data. 3. Human Error: Mistakes in sample labeling, handling, or data entry can lead to incorrect associations between images and patient information. 4. Environmental Factors: Temperature, humidity, and other environmental conditions can affect the integrity of physical samples and their digital representations.