Retroviruses infect host cells by binding to specific surface receptors and entering the cell. Once inside, the viral RNA is reverse-transcribed into DNA, which is then integrated into the host genome. This integrated DNA, known as a provirus, can remain dormant or become active, leading to the production of new viral particles. The integration into the host genome can disrupt normal cellular function, potentially leading to oncogenesis or other diseases. For example, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a well-known retrovirus that targets CD4+ T cells, leading to the progressive decline of the immune system observed in AIDS.
