Physical carcinogens primarily cause cancer by inducing DNA damage. For instance, UV radiation can cause the formation of thymine dimers in DNA, leading to mutations. Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays, can break DNA strands directly or create free radicals that damage cellular components. Asbestos fibers, when inhaled, can cause chronic inflammation and cellular damage in the lungs, leading to mesothelioma and lung cancer.
