- Vesicular Transport: The ER and Golgi apparatus are involved in the synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids, which are transported in vesicles. - Signal Transduction: Signaling pathways, such as those involving calcium ions and kinases, enable communication between organelles, regulating processes like metabolism and apoptosis. - Physical Contact: Membrane contact sites between organelles, such as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) between mitochondria and the ER, facilitate lipid exchange and calcium signaling.
