Various diseases can lead to changes in the histology of the kidney and consequently affect GFR. For instance, chronic kidney disease (CKD) often results in glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, both of which can decrease GFR. Glomerulonephritis can cause inflammation and damage to the glomeruli, also lowering GFR. In diabetic nephropathy, thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and expansion of the mesangial matrix are common histological features that reduce GFR.
