Oxidative Damage: ROS can damage cellular components such as lipids, proteins, and DNA, leading to cell dysfunction. Membrane Disruption: Certain chemicals can compromise the integrity of cell membranes, leading to loss of cellular homeostasis. Enzyme Inhibition: Many toxins inhibit essential enzymes, disrupting metabolic pathways. Induction of Apoptosis: Prolonged exposure to chemical stressors can trigger programmed cell death.
