Cancer biomarkers are detected using various techniques that often involve histological examination: 1. Immunohistochemistry (IHC): This technique uses antibodies to detect specific antigens in the tissue sections. For example, detecting HER2 in breast cancer tissues. 2. In Situ Hybridization (ISH): This method uses labeled complementary DNA or RNA strands to localize specific DNA or RNA sequences in tissue samples. Fluorescence ISH (FISH) is commonly used for detecting chromosomal abnormalities. 3. Mass Spectrometry: This technique can analyze the protein composition of tissues and identify potential biomarkers. 4. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): This method can sequence the DNA and RNA of cancer cells to identify mutations, gene expression changes, and other molecular alterations.
