ANAs are typically detected using immunofluorescence assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), or multiplex immunoassays. The indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) on HEp-2 cells is considered the gold standard for ANA detection. In this test, patient serum is incubated with cultured cells, and the presence of ANAs is revealed by a fluorescent dye.
