What is Chronic Inflammation?
Chronic inflammation is a prolonged and persistent inflammatory response that can last for months or even years. Unlike acute inflammation, which is a short-term response to injury or infection, chronic inflammation is often associated with various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, long-term infections, and chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
Infiltration of mononuclear cells, including macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
Tissue destruction caused by the persistent inflammatory response.
Attempts at healing through the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and fibrosis (scar formation).
Macrophages: These are the dominant cells in chronic inflammation. They can engulf and digest cellular debris and pathogens.
Lymphocytes: These are crucial for the immune response, including T cells and B cells, which produce antibodies.
Plasma Cells: Derived from B cells, these cells produce large amounts of antibodies.
Fibroblasts: These cells are involved in the formation of connective tissue and healing processes.
Persistent infections by certain pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Prolonged exposure to toxic agents, including silica and asbestos.
Autoimmune disorders, where the body's immune system attacks its own tissues, such as in rheumatoid arthritis.
Chronic diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Biopsy: A sample of tissue is taken from the affected area and examined microscopically.
Histochemical Staining: Techniques such as Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining are used to identify cells and structures within tissues.
Immunohistochemistry: This technique uses antibodies to detect specific antigens in tissues, helping to identify the types of cells involved in the inflammatory response.
Tissue Damage: Persistent inflammation can result in significant damage to tissues and organs.
Fibrosis: Excessive formation of scar tissue can impair the function of affected organs.
Increased Risk of Cancer: Chronic inflammation can lead to DNA damage and promote cancer development.
Systemic Effects: Chronic inflammation is associated with systemic effects, including fatigue, fever, and weight loss.
Medications: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive agents.
Lifestyle Changes: Diet, exercise, and weight management can help reduce inflammation.
Surgery: In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove damaged tissues.
