Why is a Bone Marrow Biopsy Performed?
The biopsy is performed to evaluate the number, size, and maturity of blood cells and to assess the marrow's architecture. It helps in diagnosing conditions like
anemia,
myelofibrosis, and multiple myeloma. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for these conditions.
How is a Bone Marrow Biopsy Conducted?
Typically, the procedure is performed under local anesthesia. A special needle is inserted into the bone (usually the iliac crest of the pelvis) to extract a core sample of bone marrow. The sample is then processed, stained, and examined under a microscope by a histopathologist.
What Can Be Seen in a Bone Marrow Biopsy?
Histologically, a bone marrow sample can reveal the presence of abnormal cells, the ratio of different cell types, and the structure of the marrow. Conditions like
fibrosis, increased cellularity, or infiltrative diseases can be diagnosed. The presence of
blast cells might indicate acute leukemia.
Preparation and Aftercare
Prior to the biopsy, a complete blood count (CBC) and coagulation profile may be required. After the procedure, patients are advised to keep the biopsy site clean and dry. Mild discomfort is common, but severe pain or infection should be reported to a healthcare provider immediately.
Risks and Complications
While generally safe, the procedure carries some risks, such as bleeding, infection, and pain at the biopsy site. Rarely, damage to surrounding structures may occur. Patients are usually monitored for a short period post-procedure to ensure there are no immediate complications.
Interpretation of Results
The results of a bone marrow biopsy can take a few days to a week. The histopathologist will look for abnormalities in cell morphology, the presence of specific markers, and other diagnostic features. In some cases, additional tests like immunohistochemistry or flow cytometry may be required to confirm the diagnosis.
Conclusion
Bone marrow biopsy is a pivotal procedure in the field of histology, offering invaluable insights into the bone marrow's cellular and structural composition. It aids in the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of various hematologic and systemic conditions. Understanding the procedure, its indications, and potential complications can help in better patient care and outcomes.
