A plant cell typically includes several key structures:
Cell wall: Provides structural support and protection. It is primarily composed of cellulose. Cell membrane: A semi-permeable membrane that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Nucleus: Contains the cell's genetic material and coordinates cell activities like growth and reproduction. Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis; they contain the green pigment chlorophyll. Vacuole: A large central vacuole that stores nutrients and waste products and helps maintain turgor pressure. Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouse of the cell, they generate ATP through cellular respiration. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Comes in two forms - rough ER (with ribosomes) and smooth ER (without ribosomes); involved in protein and lipid synthesis. Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport.
