Phototoxicity is primarily caused by the interaction between light and fluorescent dyes or proteins used to label cellular structures. The light energy excites the fluorescent molecules, which then release energy in the form of light. However, this process can also generate ROS and free radicals, which can damage cellular structures and lead to cell death. The intensity and wavelength of the light, as well as the duration of exposure, are key factors influencing the extent of phototoxicity.
