Several factors can lead to cellular stress, including:
- Oxidative Stress: An imbalance between the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and the ability of the cell to detoxify these reactive products. - ER Stress: Accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. - Heat Shock: Elevated temperatures that affect protein folding and stability. - Nutrient Deprivation: Lack of essential nutrients required for cellular functions. - Hypoxia: Low oxygen levels that affect cellular respiration and energy production.
