Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Immunohistochemistry is a widely used technique that employs antibodies to detect specific antigens in tissues. This method is instrumental in diagnosing diseases like cancer. By using antibodies tagged with fluorescent or chromogenic labels, pathologists can visualize and quantify the presence of specific proteins.
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
FISH is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes to bind to specific DNA sequences. This technique is particularly useful for identifying genetic abnormalities, such as chromosomal rearrangements, deletions, and duplications. FISH is commonly used in cancer research and genetic testing.
Confocal Microscopy
Confocal microscopy is an advanced imaging technique that enhances the resolution and contrast of micrographs. It utilizes laser light to scan samples in a series of optical sections. This method produces high-resolution, three-dimensional images of tissues, making it invaluable for studying cellular structures and functions in detail.
Electron Microscopy
Electron microscopy employs a beam of electrons to create an image of the specimen. There are two main types: Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). TEM provides detailed images of the internal structure of cells, while SEM offers three-dimensional views of the cell surface. These techniques are essential for ultrastructural analysis.
Multiplex Staining
Multiplex staining allows for the simultaneous detection of multiple targets within a single tissue section. This technique is particularly useful for studying complex tissues where multiple cell types and markers need to be identified. By using different combinations of fluorescent or chromogenic labels, researchers can gain comprehensive insights into tissue composition and function.
Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI)
Mass spectrometry imaging combines histological information with molecular data by mapping the spatial distribution of molecules within tissue sections. This technique can identify and quantify proteins, lipids, and metabolites, providing a detailed molecular landscape of the tissue. MSI is increasingly used in biomarker discovery and drug development.
