1. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Immunohistochemistry is a technique that uses antibodies to detect specific antigens in tissue sections. This method helps in identifying the presence and distribution of proteins, providing valuable information on cellular functions and disease markers. IHC is widely used in cancer diagnosis, where it can differentiate between tumor types based on protein expression.
2. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
FISH is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes to bind specific DNA sequences in tissue samples. This method is crucial for identifying genetic abnormalities, such as chromosomal translocations, deletions, and amplifications. FISH is particularly useful in diagnosing cancers and genetic disorders.
3. Digital Pathology
Digital pathology involves the digitization of histological slides and the use of software to analyze tissue samples. This method allows for high-resolution imaging, remote diagnosis, and the application of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to identify patterns and anomalies. Digital pathology enhances diagnostic accuracy and efficiency, and facilitates telepathology.
4. Multiplex Staining
Multiplex staining allows for the simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers within a single tissue section. This technique uses different labels, such as fluorophores or chromogens, to visualize various targets. Multiplex staining provides a comprehensive overview of the tissue microenvironment, which is essential for understanding complex diseases like cancer.
5. Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI)
MSI is a powerful technique that maps the spatial distribution of molecules within tissue sections. It combines histological imaging with mass spectrometry to identify and quantify proteins, lipids, and metabolites. MSI provides a detailed molecular profile of tissues, aiding in the discovery of disease markers and therapeutic targets.
