Hemoglobin variants are forms of hemoglobin that differ from the normal hemoglobin (HbA) due to genetic mutations. The most common types of hemoglobin are HbA (normal adult hemoglobin), HbA2, HbF (fetal hemoglobin), and abnormal variants like HbS (sickle hemoglobin), HbC, and HbE. These variants can result from point mutations, deletions, or insertions in the genes encoding the alpha (HBA1, HBA2) or beta (HBB) globin chains.
