Molecular weight can be determined using several methods:
1. Mass Spectrometry: This technique ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. It provides highly accurate molecular weights and is often used in conjunction with other techniques.
2. Gel Filtration Chromatography: Also known as size-exclusion chromatography, this method separates molecules based on their size, which correlates with their molecular weight.
3. Ultracentrifugation: This technique uses high-speed centrifugation to separate molecules based on density and can be used to estimate molecular weight.
