Signal transduction typically involves several steps:
Signal Reception: The process begins when an extracellular signal molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell surface. Signal Transduction Pathways: The signal is then transduced through a series of intracellular pathways, often involving secondary messengers like cAMP, IP3, and calcium ions. Response: The signal cascade ultimately leads to a specific cellular response, such as gene expression, secretion of molecules, or changes in cell behavior.
