TGF Beta - Histology

What is TGF Beta?

Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional peptide that plays pivotal roles in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and immune responses. It is part of a larger family of growth factors known for their critical involvement in cellular processes.

How is TGF Beta Produced?

TGF-β is produced by a variety of cells, including macrophages, fibroblasts, and platelets. In histological studies, it is often found in tissues undergoing repair or in those subject to chronic inflammation.

What are the Structural Features of TGF Beta?

TGF-β is a dimeric molecule consisting of two 25-kDa subunits. It is initially synthesized as a large precursor molecule that undergoes proteolytic processing to yield the mature form. The mature TGF-β is a homodimer linked by a single disulfide bond.

What is the Role of TGF Beta in Tissue Repair?

One of the key roles of TGF-β in histology is its involvement in tissue repair and fibrosis. It stimulates the production of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and fibronectin. TGF-β also inhibits the activity of enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix, thus aiding in tissue stabilization.

How Does TGF Beta Affect Cell Growth?

TGF-β has a dual role in regulating cell growth. In some contexts, it promotes cell proliferation, while in others, it induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This dichotomy is largely dependent on the cell type and the microenvironment.

What is the Mechanism of TGF Beta Signaling?

TGF-β signaling primarily occurs through binding to its receptors, TGF-β receptor type I and type II, which are serine/threonine kinases. Upon ligand binding, these receptors phosphorylate SMAD proteins, which then translocate to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.

How is TGF Beta Involved in Cancer?

TGF-β has a complex role in cancer biology. It can act as a tumor suppressor in normal cells and early-stage tumors by inhibiting cell growth. However, in advanced cancers, TGF-β often promotes tumor progression by enhancing cell migration, invasion, and the formation of a supportive tumor microenvironment.

What is the Clinical Relevance of TGF Beta?

TGF-β is a target for therapeutic intervention in various diseases, including fibrotic disorders, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Inhibitors of TGF-β signaling are being developed and tested in clinical trials to modulate its activity in these conditions.

Relevant Publications

Recent advances and molecular mechanisms of TGF-β signaling in colorectal cancer, with focus on bioactive compounds targeting.

Issue Release: 2024

Apigenin attenuates indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats: emphasis on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and TGF-β1 enhancing activities.

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Induction of fibrosis following exposure to bisphenol A and its analogues in 3D human uterine leiomyoma cultures.

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Calcifediol boosts efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine by upregulating genes promoting memory T cell responses.

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Novel Small Molecule ROCK2 Inhibitor GNS-3595 Attenuates Pulmonary Fibrosis in Preclinical Studies.

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Humanin activates integrin αV-TGFβ axis and leads to glioblastoma progression.

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Deciphering hepatoma cell resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors: insights from a Liver-on-a-Chip model unveiling tumor endothelial cell mechanisms.

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Key Regulators of Angiogenesis and Inflammation Are Dysregulated in Patients with Varicose Veins.

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Platelet transfusion enhances pro-aggregatory status shortly after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG while modulating platelet pro-inflammatory state 1-week post-surgery.

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Induction of Cell Death by DS1685 in Colorectal and Breast Cancers via SMAD4/TGF-Beta Activation.

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Transforming growth factor-β micro-environment mediated immune cell functions in cervical cancer.

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Commitment of human mesenchymal stromal cells towards ACL fibroblast differentiation upon rAAV-mediated FGF-2 and TGF-β overexpression using pNaSS-grafted PCL films.

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Role of Myostatin in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review of the Clinical Impact.

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CTHRC1: An Emerging Hallmark of Pathogenic Fibroblasts in Lung Fibrosis.

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BACH2: The Future of Induced T-Regulatory Cell Therapies.

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CircRNA CDR1as affects functional repair after spinal cord injury and regulates fibrosis through the SMAD pathway.

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Mechanical stimulation of induced pluripotent stem derived cardiac fibroblasts.

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Intratracheal Instillation of Polyacrylic Acid Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis with Elevated Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Connective Tissue Growth Factor.

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Dental caries as a health risk for visual acuity in relation to salivary transforming growth factor beta-1 among students aged 8-10 years: A cross-sectional study.

Issue Release: 2024

TGF-β1 induces formation of TSG-6-enriched extracellular vesicles in fibroblasts which can prevent myofibroblast transformation by modulating Erk1/2 phosphorylation.

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