Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) - Histology

What is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a long-term condition characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time. It can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) where kidneys can no longer function effectively, necessitating dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Histological Features of CKD

In histology, CKD presents several hallmark features:

Glomerulosclerosis: Progressive scarring of the glomeruli, the filtering units of the kidney.
Tubular atrophy: Shrinkage and loss of function in the renal tubules.
Interstitial fibrosis: Accumulation of fibrous tissue in the interstitial spaces of the kidney.
Vascular changes: Thickening and narrowing of blood vessels within the kidney.

What Causes CKD?

The primary causes of CKD include:

Diabetes mellitus: High blood sugar levels can damage the kidney's filtering units.
Hypertension: High blood pressure can cause damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys.
Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the glomeruli.
Polycystic kidney disease: A genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys.

How is CKD Diagnosed Histologically?

Histological diagnosis of CKD typically involves a renal biopsy. Under a microscope, pathologists look for characteristic changes such as:

Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane
Expansion of the mesangial matrix
Infiltration of inflammatory cells
Deposition of extracellular matrix components

What are the Stages of CKD?

CKD is classified into five stages based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR):

Stage 1: Kidney damage with normal GFR (≥90 mL/min/1.73 m²)
Stage 2: Mild decrease in GFR (60-89 mL/min/1.73 m²)
Stage 3: Moderate decrease in GFR (30-59 mL/min/1.73 m²)
Stage 4: Severe decrease in GFR (15-29 mL/min/1.73 m²)
Stage 5: Kidney failure (GFR

Relevant Publications

Cost-effectiveness of add-on empagliflozin versus standard of care in management of CKD in Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam - findings from a modelling study assessing an EMPA-KIDNEY eligible population, using CKD progression model.

Issue Release: 2024

Renal Complications in Portal Hypertension.

Issue Release: 2024

Association between dietary protein intake and risk of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Issue Release: 2024

Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential contributes to accelerated chronic kidney disease progression.

Issue Release: 2024

Chronic Kidney Disease Study in Diabetic Patients: Insights From Primary Care Units in Northern Portugal.

Issue Release: 2024

IGF2BP3/NCBP1 complex inhibits renal tubular senescence through regulation of CDK6 mRNA stability.

Issue Release: 2024

Combining telemedicine and in-person visits to deliver care to patients with severe chronic kidney disease (CKD): Lessons learned from COVID-19.

Issue Release: 2024

Association between serum magnesium levels and cognitive function in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Issue Release: 2024

Biomarker for cardiorenal syndrome risk in patients with liver cirrhosis and type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia.

Issue Release: 2024

Assessment of essential and toxic trace element levels in erythrocytes of hemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease.

Issue Release: 2024

Copeptin as a potential biomarker of chronic kidney disease to predict the disease progression in children with chronic kidney disease.

Issue Release: 2024

Which is the best glomerular filtration marker: Creatinine, cystatin C or both?

Issue Release: 2024

Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation: Systematic review, meta-analysis and clinical applications for acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease in dogs and cats.

Issue Release: 2024

The Hippo-YAP1/HIF-1α pathway mediates arsenic-induced renal fibrosis.

Issue Release: 2024

Minimisation of dialysis risk in hospital patients with chronic kidney disease (MinDial): study protocol for a multicentre, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised controlled trial.

Issue Release: 2024

The glycolytic enzyme PFKFB3 drives kidney fibrosis through promoting histone lactylation-mediated NF-κB family activation.

Issue Release: 2024

Morphological changes and their associations with clinical parameters in children with nephropathic cystinosis and chronic kidney disease prior to kidney replacement therapy over 25 years.

Issue Release: 2024

Associations of mixed metal exposure with chronic kidney disease from NHANES 2011-2018.

Issue Release: 2024

Is the enteric nervous system a lost piece of the gut-kidney axis puzzle linked to chronic kidney disease?

Issue Release: 2024

Bariatric surgery and the diseased kidney: a 5-year assessment of safety and postoperative renal outcomes.

Issue Release: 2024

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