What are Anitschkow Cells?
Anitschkow cells, also known as "caterpillar cells," are a specific type of
histological cell first described by Russian pathologist Nikolai Anitschkow in 1910. They are primarily associated with
rheumatic fever, a condition that affects the heart, joints, brain, and skin. These cells are a hallmark of Aschoff bodies, which are diagnostic of rheumatic heart disease.
Histological Appearance
Anitschkow cells are large, activated macrophages characterized by their distinctive nuclear morphology. The nucleus is typically round to ovoid and has a central, wavy chromatin pattern that resembles a caterpillar, hence the name "caterpillar cells." The cytoplasm of these cells is abundant and basophilic, making them easily identifiable under a microscope.Function and Significance
Anitschkow cells play a crucial role in the inflammatory response associated with rheumatic fever. They are part of the body's immune reaction to the infection caused by group A streptococcus. When the body mounts an immune response against the bacteria, it can inadvertently attack its own tissues, including the heart. Anitschkow cells are involved in the formation of Aschoff bodies, which are granulomatous lesions found in the myocardium, endocardium, and pericardium.Clinical Relevance
The presence of Anitschkow cells is highly significant in diagnosing rheumatic heart disease. Identification of these cells in a biopsy specimen from a patient with a history of streptococcal infection can provide strong evidence for the diagnosis. These cells are usually identified in the early stages of the disease, making them a valuable marker for early intervention and treatment.Associated Conditions
While Anitschkow cells are most commonly associated with rheumatic fever, they can also be found in other inflammatory conditions affecting the heart. However, their presence is most diagnostic in the context of rheumatic heart disease.Diagnostic Techniques
Anitschkow cells are typically identified through
histological staining techniques. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is commonly used to visualize these cells. Under the microscope, the unique nuclear pattern and basophilic cytoplasm make them readily identifiable. Immunohistochemistry can also be employed to confirm the presence of macrophages and other inflammatory cells in the tissue sample.
Research and Future Directions
Ongoing research aims to better understand the role of Anitschkow cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatic fever and other inflammatory diseases. Advances in
molecular biology techniques are providing new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying their formation and function. Future studies may reveal new therapeutic targets for managing rheumatic heart disease and similar inflammatory conditions.
Conclusion
Anitschkow cells are a distinctive and diagnostically significant component of the histological landscape in rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Their unique nuclear morphology and role in the inflammatory response make them a key focus in both clinical diagnostics and ongoing research. Understanding these cells better can offer new avenues for early diagnosis and improved treatment of inflammatory cardiac conditions.
