Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (tnf α) - Histology

What is Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF α)?

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF α) is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is part of the body's immune response. It is produced primarily by activated macrophages but can also be secreted by other cell types, such as T cells, natural killer cells, and neutrophils.

Role in Inflammation

TNF α is a key mediator in the inflammatory response. It promotes the recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection or injury by increasing the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and enhancing the permeability of blood vessels. This process is crucial for effective pathogen clearance but can also contribute to chronic inflammation and tissue damage if dysregulated.

Signal Transduction

Upon binding to its receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, TNF α activates several intracellular signaling pathways, including the NF-κB pathway and the MAPK pathway. These pathways lead to the transcription of genes involved in inflammation, cell survival, and apoptosis.

Histological Changes

In histological sections, tissues exposed to high levels of TNF α may show signs of inflammation, such as increased immune cell infiltration, edema, and necrosis. Chronic exposure can lead to histological features of diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, where synovial tissues exhibit hyperplasia and dense inflammatory infiltrates.

Clinical Implications

Overproduction of TNF α is implicated in various autoimmune diseases, including Crohn's disease, psoriasis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Anti-TNF therapies, such as infliximab and adalimumab, have been developed to neutralize TNF α activity and are widely used in the treatment of these conditions.

Research and Future Directions

Ongoing research aims to better understand the precise roles of TNF α in different cellular contexts and its interactions with other cytokines. There is also interest in developing more targeted therapies that can modulate TNF α activity without compromising the overall immune response.

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CUX1 attenuates the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells induced by contrast media through activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

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Disease Severity and Cytokine Expression in the Rhinovirus-Induced First Wheezing Episode.

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SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Cytokine Profiles to mRNA, Viral Vector and Protein-Based Vaccines in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Beyond Interferon Gamma.

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A randomized controlled trial comparing tacrolimus versus hydrocortisone for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children: new perspectives on interferon gamma-induced protein and growth-related oncogene-α.

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The effect of Jordanian essential oil from coriander seeds on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulatory activities using RAW 246.7 murine macrophages.

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The Effects of Jalas Extract and Its Main Constituent Carvacrol Against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice.

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