Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) - Histology

What is Thyroid Peroxidase?

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme crucial for the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. It is located in the thyroid gland and is essential for the iodination of tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin, which is a precursor for thyroid hormones T3 and T4.

Where is TPO Found?

TPO is predominantly found in the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. These cells line the thyroid follicles, which are spherical structures filled with colloid where thyroid hormone synthesis and storage occur.

Role of TPO in Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

TPO catalyzes several important reactions in the synthesis of thyroid hormones:

Oxidation of iodide to iodine.
Iodination of tyrosyl residues in thyroglobulin.
Coupling of iodotyrosyl residues to form T3 and T4.

Histological Techniques for Studying TPO

Several histological techniques can be used to study TPO in tissue samples:

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) - This technique uses antibodies specific to TPO to visualize its presence in tissue sections.
In situ hybridization - This method can detect TPO mRNA within tissue sections, providing information on gene expression.
Electron microscopy - This can reveal the ultrastructural localization of TPO in follicular cells.

Clinical Significance of TPO

TPO is often targeted by the immune system in autoimmune thyroid diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. The presence of anti-TPO antibodies in the blood is a common diagnostic marker for these conditions.

Pathological Changes in TPO Expression

Alterations in TPO expression or function can lead to various thyroid disorders. For example, mutations in the TPO gene can result in congenital hypothyroidism, a condition characterized by insufficient thyroid hormone production from birth.

Future Directions in TPO Research

Emerging research is focusing on understanding the detailed mechanisms of TPO action and its regulation at the molecular level. Novel therapeutic approaches are being explored to modulate TPO activity in thyroid disorders.

Relevant Publications

Serum Vitamin B12 and Holotranscobalamin Levels in Subclinical Hypothyroid Patients in Relation to Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Levels and the Positivity of Anti-thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies: A Case-Control Study.

Issue Release: 2024

Hematological, Biochemical, and Serum Levels of Allergic Mediators in Individuals with and without Allergic Rhinitis.

Issue Release: 2024

In vitro assessment of thyroid peroxidase inhibition by chemical exposure: comparison of cell models and detection methods.

Issue Release: 2024

Determination of the levels and possible associations of alpha2-macroglobulin with autoantibodies in the serum of patients with various forms of autoimmune thyroiditis.

Issue Release: 2024

Comparative Study of the Effects of Different Surface-Coated Silver Nanoparticles on Thyroid Disruption and Bioaccumulation in Zebrafish Early Life.

Issue Release: 2024

The Ratio of Peripheral Blood Natural Killer Cells is not a Solid Surrogate Immune Index in Unexplained Recurrent Miscarriage.

Issue Release: 2024

Thyroid Disorders in Systemic Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review.

Issue Release: 2024

Disulfide bonds of thyroid peroxidase are critical elements for subcellular localization, proteasome-dependent degradation, and enzyme activity.

Issue Release: 2024

Factors affecting timing of hypothyroidism following radioactive iodine therapy (RAIT) for patients with Graves\' disease: A 12-month observational study.

Issue Release: 2024

Hashimoto Encephalopathy and Thyroid Storm by Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Acute Pancreatitis: A Case Report.

Issue Release: 2024

Effect of Steroids on Patients With Fibromyalgia/Chromic Widespread Pain: An Observational Study.

Issue Release: 2024

Predicting the Speed of Response to Omalizumab in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria.

Issue Release: 2024

Prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis among children with autoimmune hepatitis.

Issue Release: 2024

Transient Acquired Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia in the Setting of Severe Sepsis: A Case Report.

Issue Release: 2024

Role of ultrasound‑guided fine‑needle aspiration cytology combined with thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies in evaluating cervical lymph node metastasis in thyroid cancer.

Issue Release: 2024

Exploring Mammalian Heme Peroxidases: A comprehensive review on the structure and function of Myeloperoxidase, Lactoperoxidase, Eosinophil peroxidase, Thyroid peroxidase and Peroxidasin.

Issue Release: 2024

A Case of Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 3B and Peripheral Neuropathy Due to Thiamine Deficiency.

Issue Release: 2024

A Computational Approach: The Functional Effects of Thyroid Peroxidase Variants in Thyroid Cancer and Genetic Disorders.

Issue Release: 2024

A prospective observational study correlating possible novel biomarkers with disease severity and antihistamine response in chronic spontaneous urticaria.

Issue Release: 2024

High-resolution melt curve analysis: An approach for variant detection in the TPO gene of congenital hypothyroid patients in Bangladesh.

Issue Release: 2024

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