Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive form of breast cancer that originates in the epithelial cells lining the
mammary ducts. The term "in situ" means that the cancer cells are confined to the ducts and have not spread into the surrounding breast tissue.
Histological Features
Under the microscope, DCIS is characterized by the presence of abnormal cells within the ductal system. These cells exhibit varying degrees of
nuclear atypia and may form structures like
cribriform patterns, micropapillary structures, or solid sheets.
Grades of DCIS
DCIS is classified into different grades based on the appearance of the cancer cells:
Molecular Markers
Diagnosis
DCIS is typically diagnosed through a combination of
mammography,
biopsy, and histological examination. Mammograms may reveal microcalcifications, while biopsy samples are examined for characteristic histological features.
Prognosis and Treatment
Although DCIS is non-invasive, it can progress to invasive ductal carcinoma if left untreated. Treatment options may include
lumpectomy,
mastectomy, and radiation therapy. Hormonal therapies may be used for hormone receptor-positive DCIS.
Importance of Histology in DCIS
Histology plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, grading, and management of DCIS. Detailed histological analysis helps determine the extent of the disease, the grade, and the presence of specific molecular markers, which are essential for making informed treatment decisions.
